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Energy Density
Energy Density

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!!!Required Information
[Useful Nuclear Particles]
!!!True energy densities
Taken from [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_density]
%%zebra-table
%%sortable
%%table-filter
||Storage type||Energy density by mass (MJ/kg)||Energy density by volume||Peak recovery efficiency %||[Practical Recovery Efficiency] %
|[Mass-energy equivalence|http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass%E2%80%93energy_equivalence|target='_blank']|89,876,000,000| | |
|[Binding energy of Helium-4 nucleus|http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helium-4|target='_blank']|683,000,000|857,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 (8.57x1024)| |
|[Nuclear fusion] of hydrogen (energy from the sun)|645,000,000| |
|[Deuterium-Tritium fusion|http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_fusion|target='_blank']|337,000,000| | |
|[Nuclear fission (of 100% U-235) (Used in nuclear power plants)|http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fission_product_yield|target='_blank']|88,250,000|1,500,000,000|
|Natural uranium (99.3% U238, 0.7% U235) in fast breeder reactor[7]|24,000,000| | |50%
|Enriched uranium (3.5% U235) in light water reactor|3,456,000|30%
|Hf-178m2 isomer|1,326,000|17,649,060| | |
|Natural uranium (0.7% U235) in light water reactor|443,000|30% |
|Ta-180m isomer|41,340|689,964| |
|Specific orbital energy of Low Earth orbit|33 (approx.)| |
|Cl2O7 + CH4 - computed|17.4| |
|Cl2O7 decomposition - computed|12.2| |
|Nitromethane|11.3|12.9| |
|Octanitrocubane explosive - computed|8.5|17| |
|Tetranitrotetrahedrane explosive - computed|8.3| |
|Heptanitrocubane explosive - computed|8.2| |
|Dinitroacetylene explosive - computed|7.9| |
|Sodium (reacted with chlorine)|7.0349| |
|Tetranitrocubane explosive - computed|6.95| |
|Ammonal (Al+NH4NO3 oxidizer)|6.9|12.7| |
|Tetranitromethane + hydrazine bipropellant - computed|6.6| |
|Hexanitrobenzene explosive - computed|6.5| |
|Octogen explosive - computed|6.3| |
|ANFO-ANNM|6.26| |
|TNTin [Kinney, G.F.; K.J. Graham (1985). Explosive shocks in air. Springer-Verlag. ISBN 3-540-15147-8. ]|4.610|6.92| |
|Copper Thermite (Al + CuO as oxidizer)|4.13|20.9| |
|Thermite (powder Al + Fe2O3 as oxidizer)|4.00|18.4| |
|Hydrogen peroxide decomposition (as monopropellant)|2.7|3.8| |
|Lithium ion battery with nanowires|25.42.54-2.72?|29| 95%[8]
|Lithium thionyl chloride battery [9]|2.5|
|Water 220.64 bar, 373.8°C|1.968|0.708|
|Kinetic energy penetrator|1.91.9-3.4|3030-54|
|Fluoride ion battery [10]|1.71.7-(?)|2.8(?)2.8(?)|
|Regenerative Fuel Cell (fuel cell with internal Hydrogen reservoir used much as a battery)|1.62 [11]sm=n|
|Hydrazine(toxic) decomposition (as monopropellant)|1.6|1.6|
|Ammonium nitrate decomposition (as monopropellant)|1.4|2.5|
|Zinc-air battery|1.33|
|Capacitor by EEStor (claimed prototype capacity)|1.0 [12]|2.18|
|Thermal energy storage(Molten Salt)|11 approx.|
|Molecular spring|11 approx.|
|Sodium-sulfur battery| 1.23 [13]| 85%[14]
|Liquid nitrogen|0.77[1]|0.62|
|Lithium ion battery[2]|0.540.54–0.72|0.90.9–1.9| 95%[15]
|Lithium sulphur battery|0.540.54-1.44|
|compressed air at 300 bar (at 12°C), without container|0.512|0.16|
|Flywheel|0.5|1-0.15%/10s [16]
|5.56 × 45 mm NATO bullet|0.40.4-0.8|3.23.2-6.4|
|Zn-air batteries|0.40.40 to 1.7|5.95.9|
|Ice(Ice)|0.335|0.335|
|Zinc-bromine flow battery|0.270.27–0.306 [17]|
|Compressed air at 20 bar (at 12°C), without container|0.27|0.01| 64%[18]
|NiMH Battery|0.22
|NiCd Battery|0.140.14-0.22|80% [19]
|Lead acid battery|0.090.09–0.11
|Compressed air in fiber-wound bottle at 200 bar (at 24°C)|0.14|0.06|
|Vanadium redox battery|0.09 [20]|0.1188| 7070-75%
|Vanadium bromide redox battery|0.18 [21]|0.252| 81%
|compressed air in steel bottle at 200 bar (at 24°C)|0.04|0.1|
|Capacitor Ultracapacitor|0.0206 [22]|0.050 [23]|
|Capacitor Supercapacitor|0.01| 98.5%|90%[24]
|Capacitor|0.002 [25]|
|Water at 100 m dam height|0.001|0.001| 8585-90%[26]
|Spring power (clock spring), torsion spring|0.0003 [27]|0.0006|
|Liquid hydrogen[clarification needed]|143|10.1|
|Compressed gaseous hydrogen at 700 bar [28][clarification needed]|143|5.6|
|Gaseous hydrogen at room temperature[citation needed]|143|0.01079|
|Beryllium (toxic) (burned in air)|67.6|125.1|
|Lithium borohydride (burned in air)|65.2|43.4|
|Boron [29] (burned in air)|58.9|137.8|
|Methane (1.013bar, 15°C) (burned in air)|55.6|0.0378|
|Natural gas (burned in air)|53.6[3]|10|
|LPG propane (burned in air)[4]|49.6|25.3|
|LPG butane (burned in air)[4]|49.1|27.7|
|Gasoline[4]|46.4|34.2|
|Diesel fuel/residential heating oil (burned in air)[4]|46.2|37.3|
|Polyethylene plastic|46.3[5]|42.6|
|Polypropylene plastic|46.4[5]|41.7|
|Gasohol E10 (10% ethanol 90% gasoline by volume)|43.54|33.72|
|Gasohol E85 (85% ethanol 10% gasoline by volume)|33.1|25.65|
|Lithium (burned in air)|43.1|23.0|
|Jet A aviation fuel [30] / kerosene|42.8|33|
|Biodiesel oil (vegetable oil)|42.20|33|
|DMF (2,5-dimethylfuran)|42 [31]|37.8|
|Crude oil (according to the definition of ton of oil equivalent)[clarification needed]|46.3|37[3]|
|Polystyrene plastic|41.4[5]|43.5|
|Body fat metabolism|38|35|2222-26%[32]|
|Butanol|36.6|29.2|
|Graphite (burned in air)|32.7|72.9|
|coal Anthracite|32.5|72.4|3636%
|Silicon (burned in air)[33]|32.2|75.1|
|Aluminum (burned in air)|31.0|83.8|
|Ethanol|30|24|
|Polyester plastic|26.0 [5]|35.6|
|Magnesium (burned in air)|24.7|43.0|
|coal Bituminous [34]|24|20|
|PET plastic|23.5 (impure) [35]|
|Methanol|19.7|15.6|
|Hydrazine (toxic) combusted to N2+H2O|19.5|19.3|
|Liquid ammonia (combusted to N2+H2O)|18.6|11.5|
|PVC plastic (improper combustion toxic)[clarification needed]|18.0[5]|25.2|
|Sugars, carbohydrates & protein metabolism|17|26.2(dextrose)|2222-26% [36]|
|coal Lignite[citation needed]|14.0 (to 19)|
|Calcium (burned in air)[citation needed]|15.9|24.6|
|Glucose|15.55|23.9|
|Dry cowdung and cameldung|15.5 [37]|
|Wood|6.0 (to 17)|
|Sodium (burned to wet sodium hydroxide)|13.3|12.8|
|Household waste|8.0 (to 11)[6][7]|
|Sodium (burned to dry sodium oxide)|9.1|8.8|
|Zinc (burned in air)|5.3|38.0|
|Teflon plastic (combustion toxic, but flame retardant)|5.1|11.2|
|iron (burned to iron(III) oxide)|5.2|40.68|
|iron (burned to iron(II) oxide)|4.9|38.2|
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!!!Energy-Releasing Reactions
%%zebra-table
%%sortable
%%table-filter
||Description||Chemical||Fission||Fusion
|Sample Reaction|C + O2 -> CO2|n + U-235 -> Ba-143 + Kr-91 + 2 n|H-2 + H-3 -> He-4 + n
|Typical Inputs (to Power Plant)|Bituminous Coal|UO2 (3% U-235 + 97% U-238)|Deuterium & Lithium
|Typical Reaction Temperature (K)|700|1000|1,000,000,000
|Energy Released per kg of Fuel (J/kg)|370,000,000|21,000,000,000,000|340,000,000,000,000
/%
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/%
!!! [OpenEI|http://en.openei.org/wiki/Main_Page|target='_blank'] Transparent Cost Database
%%zebra-table
%%sortable
||Plant Type||Levelized Cost(USD/MWh)||Overnight Capital Cost(1000xUSD/kW)||Fixed Operating Cost(USD/kW)||Variable Operating Cost (USD/MWh)||Capacity Factor (%)
|Wind, onshore|60|1.57|10.95|6.45|38
|Wind, offshore |100|3.05|14.28|21.18|43
|Solar PV|280|5.10|32.03|0|21
|Solar CSP|200|5.74|55.72|.10|31.16
|Geothermal Hydrothermal|60|2.82|155.41|0|85
|Blind Geothermal|100|6.85|222.98|0|95
|Enhanced Geothermal|130|7.00|199.69|30|84.6
|Small Hydropower|140|4.50|130|0|50
|Hydropower|20|1.32|13.14|3.20|93.2
|Biopower|70|2.62|66.63|4.61|84.04
|Fuel Cell|150|4.64|5.65|47.92|95
|Natural Gas Combustion Turbine|70|5.74|10.53|3.57|80
|Coal, pulverized, scrubbed|50|1.92|27.50|3.70|84.6
|Coal, pulverized, unscrubbed|40| | |4.45|84.6
|Coal, integrated gasification combined cycle|80|3.17|38.67|7.25|80.96
|Nuclear|60|3.10|85.66|.49|90
/%
/%
!! More Information
There might be more information for this subject on one of the following:
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This page (revision-1) was last changed on 29-Nov-2024 16:16 by UnknownAuthorTop