!!!Required Information [Useful Nuclear Particles] !!!True energy densities Taken from [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_density] %%zebra-table %%sortable %%table-filter ||Storage type||Energy density by mass (MJ/kg)||Energy density by volume||Peak recovery efficiency %||[Practical Recovery Efficiency] % |[Mass-energy equivalence|http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass%E2%80%93energy_equivalence|target='_blank']|89,876,000,000| | | |[Binding energy of Helium-4 nucleus|http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helium-4|target='_blank']|683,000,000|857,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 (8.57x1024)| | |[Nuclear fusion] of hydrogen (energy from the sun)|645,000,000| | |[Deuterium-Tritium fusion|http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_fusion|target='_blank']|337,000,000| | | |[Nuclear fission (of 100% U-235) (Used in nuclear power plants)|http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fission_product_yield|target='_blank']|88,250,000|1,500,000,000| |Natural uranium (99.3% U238, 0.7% U235) in fast breeder reactor[7]|24,000,000| | |50% |Enriched uranium (3.5% U235) in light water reactor|3,456,000|30% |Hf-178m2 isomer|1,326,000|17,649,060| | | |Natural uranium (0.7% U235) in light water reactor|443,000|30% | |Ta-180m isomer|41,340|689,964| | |Specific orbital energy of Low Earth orbit|33 (approx.)| | |Cl2O7 + CH4 - computed|17.4| | |Cl2O7 decomposition - computed|12.2| | |Nitromethane|11.3|12.9| | |Octanitrocubane explosive - computed|8.5|17| | |Tetranitrotetrahedrane explosive - computed|8.3| | |Heptanitrocubane explosive - computed|8.2| | |Dinitroacetylene explosive - computed|7.9| | |Sodium (reacted with chlorine)|7.0349| | |Tetranitrocubane explosive - computed|6.95| | |Ammonal (Al+NH4NO3 oxidizer)|6.9|12.7| | |Tetranitromethane + hydrazine bipropellant - computed|6.6| | |Hexanitrobenzene explosive - computed|6.5| | |Octogen explosive - computed|6.3| | |ANFO-ANNM|6.26| | |TNTin [Kinney, G.F.; K.J. Graham (1985). Explosive shocks in air. Springer-Verlag. ISBN 3-540-15147-8. ]|4.610|6.92| | |Copper Thermite (Al + CuO as oxidizer)|4.13|20.9| | |Thermite (powder Al + Fe2O3 as oxidizer)|4.00|18.4| | |Hydrogen peroxide decomposition (as monopropellant)|2.7|3.8| | |Lithium ion battery with nanowires|25.42.54-2.72?|29| 95%[8] |Lithium thionyl chloride battery [9]|2.5| |Water 220.64 bar, 373.8°C|1.968|0.708| |Kinetic energy penetrator|1.91.9-3.4|3030-54| |Fluoride ion battery [10]|1.71.7-(?)|2.8(?)2.8(?)| |Regenerative Fuel Cell (fuel cell with internal Hydrogen reservoir used much as a battery)|1.62 [11]sm=n| |Hydrazine(toxic) decomposition (as monopropellant)|1.6|1.6| |Ammonium nitrate decomposition (as monopropellant)|1.4|2.5| |Zinc-air battery|1.33| |Capacitor by EEStor (claimed prototype capacity)|1.0 [12]|2.18| |Thermal energy storage(Molten Salt)|11 approx.| |Molecular spring|11 approx.| |Sodium-sulfur battery| 1.23 [13]| 85%[14] |Liquid nitrogen|0.77[1]|0.62| |Lithium ion battery[2]|0.540.54–0.72|0.90.9–1.9| 95%[15] |Lithium sulphur battery|0.540.54-1.44| |compressed air at 300 bar (at 12°C), without container|0.512|0.16| |Flywheel|0.5|1-0.15%/10s [16] |5.56 × 45 mm NATO bullet|0.40.4-0.8|3.23.2-6.4| |Zn-air batteries|0.40.40 to 1.7|5.95.9| |Ice(Ice)|0.335|0.335| |Zinc-bromine flow battery|0.270.27–0.306 [17]| |Compressed air at 20 bar (at 12°C), without container|0.27|0.01| 64%[18] |NiMH Battery|0.22 |NiCd Battery|0.140.14-0.22|80% [19] |Lead acid battery|0.090.09–0.11 |Compressed air in fiber-wound bottle at 200 bar (at 24°C)|0.14|0.06| |Vanadium redox battery|0.09 [20]|0.1188| 7070-75% |Vanadium bromide redox battery|0.18 [21]|0.252| 81% |compressed air in steel bottle at 200 bar (at 24°C)|0.04|0.1| |Capacitor Ultracapacitor|0.0206 [22]|0.050 [23]| |Capacitor Supercapacitor|0.01| 98.5%|90%[24] |Capacitor|0.002 [25]| |Water at 100 m dam height|0.001|0.001| 8585-90%[26] |Spring power (clock spring), torsion spring|0.0003 [27]|0.0006| |Liquid hydrogen[clarification needed]|143|10.1| |Compressed gaseous hydrogen at 700 bar [28][clarification needed]|143|5.6| |Gaseous hydrogen at room temperature[citation needed]|143|0.01079| |Beryllium (toxic) (burned in air)|67.6|125.1| |Lithium borohydride (burned in air)|65.2|43.4| |Boron [29] (burned in air)|58.9|137.8| |Methane (1.013bar, 15°C) (burned in air)|55.6|0.0378| |Natural gas (burned in air)|53.6[3]|10| |LPG propane (burned in air)[4]|49.6|25.3| |LPG butane (burned in air)[4]|49.1|27.7| |Gasoline[4]|46.4|34.2| |Diesel fuel/residential heating oil (burned in air)[4]|46.2|37.3| |Polyethylene plastic|46.3[5]|42.6| |Polypropylene plastic|46.4[5]|41.7| |Gasohol E10 (10% ethanol 90% gasoline by volume)|43.54|33.72| |Gasohol E85 (85% ethanol 10% gasoline by volume)|33.1|25.65| |Lithium (burned in air)|43.1|23.0| |Jet A aviation fuel [30] / kerosene|42.8|33| |Biodiesel oil (vegetable oil)|42.20|33| |DMF (2,5-dimethylfuran)|42 [31]|37.8| |Crude oil (according to the definition of ton of oil equivalent)[clarification needed]|46.3|37[3]| |Polystyrene plastic|41.4[5]|43.5| |Body fat metabolism|38|35|2222-26%[32]| |Butanol|36.6|29.2| |Graphite (burned in air)|32.7|72.9| |coal Anthracite|32.5|72.4|3636% |Silicon (burned in air)[33]|32.2|75.1| |Aluminum (burned in air)|31.0|83.8| |Ethanol|30|24| |Polyester plastic|26.0 [5]|35.6| |Magnesium (burned in air)|24.7|43.0| |coal Bituminous [34]|24|20| |PET plastic|23.5 (impure) [35]| |Methanol|19.7|15.6| |Hydrazine (toxic) combusted to N2+H2O|19.5|19.3| |Liquid ammonia (combusted to N2+H2O)|18.6|11.5| |PVC plastic (improper combustion toxic)[clarification needed]|18.0[5]|25.2| |Sugars, carbohydrates & protein metabolism|17|26.2(dextrose)|2222-26% [36]| |coal Lignite[citation needed]|14.0 (to 19)| |Calcium (burned in air)[citation needed]|15.9|24.6| |Glucose|15.55|23.9| |Dry cowdung and cameldung|15.5 [37]| |Wood|6.0 (to 17)| |Sodium (burned to wet sodium hydroxide)|13.3|12.8| |Household waste|8.0 (to 11)[6][7]| |Sodium (burned to dry sodium oxide)|9.1|8.8| |Zinc (burned in air)|5.3|38.0| |Teflon plastic (combustion toxic, but flame retardant)|5.1|11.2| |iron (burned to iron(III) oxide)|5.2|40.68| |iron (burned to iron(II) oxide)|4.9|38.2| /% /% /% !!!Energy-Releasing Reactions %%zebra-table %%sortable %%table-filter ||Description||Chemical||Fission||Fusion |Sample Reaction|C + O2 -> CO2|n + U-235 -> Ba-143 + Kr-91 + 2 n|H-2 + H-3 -> He-4 + n |Typical Inputs (to Power Plant)|Bituminous Coal|UO2 (3% U-235 + 97% U-238)|Deuterium & Lithium |Typical Reaction Temperature (K)|700|1000|1,000,000,000 |Energy Released per kg of Fuel (J/kg)|370,000,000|21,000,000,000,000|340,000,000,000,000 /% /% /% !!! [OpenEI|http://en.openei.org/wiki/Main_Page|target='_blank'] Transparent Cost Database %%zebra-table %%sortable ||Plant Type||Levelized Cost(USD/MWh)||Overnight Capital Cost(1000xUSD/kW)||Fixed Operating Cost(USD/kW)||Variable Operating Cost (USD/MWh)||Capacity Factor (%) |Wind, onshore|60|1.57|10.95|6.45|38 |Wind, offshore |100|3.05|14.28|21.18|43 |Solar PV|280|5.10|32.03|0|21 |Solar CSP|200|5.74|55.72|.10|31.16 |Geothermal Hydrothermal|60|2.82|155.41|0|85 |Blind Geothermal|100|6.85|222.98|0|95 |Enhanced Geothermal|130|7.00|199.69|30|84.6 |Small Hydropower|140|4.50|130|0|50 |Hydropower|20|1.32|13.14|3.20|93.2 |Biopower|70|2.62|66.63|4.61|84.04 |Fuel Cell|150|4.64|5.65|47.92|95 |Natural Gas Combustion Turbine|70|5.74|10.53|3.57|80 |Coal, pulverized, scrubbed|50|1.92|27.50|3.70|84.6 |Coal, pulverized, unscrubbed|40| | |4.45|84.6 |Coal, integrated gasification combined cycle|80|3.17|38.67|7.25|80.96 |Nuclear|60|3.10|85.66|.49|90 /% /% !! 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