!!! Overview
[{$pagename}] ([IV]) is a fixed-size input to a [Cryptographic Primitive] primitive that is typically required to be random or [pseudorandom].


[{$pagename}] [Randomization|Random] is crucial for [Encryption Schemes] to achieve semantic security, a property whereby repeated usage of the scheme under the same key does not allow an attacker to infer relationships between segments of the encrypted [message]. 

For [Block Ciphers], the use of an [{$pagename}] is described by the [Block Cipher Mode] of operation. [Randomization|Random] is also required for other [Cryptographic Primitives], such as universal [Hash Functions] and [Message Authentication Codes] based thereon.

 
[{$pagename}] for some [Cryptographic Primitives] [MUST] only to be non-repeating, and the required randomness is derived internally. Under these conditions, the [{$pagename}] is commonly called a [nonce] (number used once), and the [Cryptographic Primitives] are described as [stateful] as opposed to [random] because the [{$pagename}] need not be explicitly forwarded to a recipient but may be derived from a common [state] updated at both sender and receiver side. In practice, the [nonce] is still transmitted along with the [message] to detect message loss.

!! More Information
There might be more information for this subject on one of the following:
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* [#1] - [Initialization_vector|Wikipedia:Initialization_vector|target='_blank'] - based on information obtained 2017-06-09-