!!! Overview
[{$pagename}] ([PAD]) is a framework through which [Presentation Attack] events can be specified and detected so that they can be categorized, detailed and communicated for subsequent decision making and performance assessment activities.

One of the [challenges|Biometric Data Challenges] in implementing [biometric] [authentication] systems is deploying safeguards to mitigate against [Presentation Attacks]. This is especially true in uncontrolled environments where there is not an operator [monitoring] the placement or capture of a [biometric]. There are multiple ways to mitigate the risk of a successful presentation [attack]. The class of methods created to directly counter these attempts at the biometric sensor is known as [{$pagename}].

[{$pagename}] is defined as "automated determination of a [Presentation Attack]". 

[{$pagename}] categories include 
* [Artefact Detection] (AD) 
* [Liveness Detection] (LD).

Error rates for [{$pagename}] are expressed as classification errors. A [{$pagename}] subsystem may incorrectly classify a bona fide [Biometric Sample] as an [attack] [Biometric Presentation] or vice versa. To measure the strength of function for [Biometric Presentation], the error of interest occurs when a [{$pagename}] subsystem fails to detect an [attack] [Biometric Presentation], allowing an [attacker] positive access to an [authorized] user’s account.

At the [{$pagename}] subsystem level, this error rate is known as the [Attack Presentation Classification Error Rate] ([APCER]) and is defined as the proportion of attack [Biometric Presentation] using the same [Presentation Attack Instrument] ([PAI]) [Presentation Attack Instrument Species] ([PAIS]) incorrectly classified as bona fide [Biometric Presentation] at the [{$pagename}] subsystem in a specific scenario.

At the [biometric] system level, this error rate is called the [Imposter Attack Presentation Match Rate] ([IAPMR]), which expresses the ratio of [imposter] [attack] [Biometric Presentation], all made with the same material, that are successfully [Authenticated] (at a fixed operating threshold for the matching algorithm). In other words, [Imposter Attack Presentation Match Rate] is the measure of the ability of a spoofed [biometric Sample] to not only bypass the [{$pagename}] subsystem but to be [authenticated] as a bona fide user.


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